Cultural Linguistic Autobiography

I came from a family that spoke only Spanish and, therefore, Spanish was the only language that I grew up speaking. However, many of my family members can now communicate in a second language. I am Hispanic, and my country of origin is the Dominican Republic. I have had no experience in K-12 schools, in the United States.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Linguistic Autobiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When I first came to this country, I was in my senior year and attended high school for a period of three months. Therefore, I had no experience as a student in an elementary or secondary school in the United States. Nevertheless, I had experience working in both elementary and secondary schools. Last year, I began taking classes at the Grand Canyon University. These classes aim at preparing and helping me work with the English language learners. Some of the courses that I took included curriculum development and assessment, language reading acquisition and research, teaching in a pluralistic society, and the English linguistic. In these classes, I gathered methods and tactics to help students learning English as a second language. Most of my early learning experiences were pleasant because communication was in Spanish, my mother tongue. I found it easy internalizing issues and relating to ideas. In my teaching experience, I have taught several students who were learning English as their second language. They tended to have difficulties relating English to their first language. My experiences prepared me to identify with challenges of second language learners. I try to make the learning experience pleasurable for all my English learners, just the way mine was. I make learning fruitful by ensuring that all my students understand a concept before I advance to the subsequent idea. This is extremely challenging considering the varying levels of understanding among the students. A nother challenge is that the students have diverse first languages, hence, dissimilar outlooks on issues.Advertising Looking for essay on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Social role plays a crucial part in learning of English as a second language. It is simpler to get full command of a language when one interacts with native speakers of that language. I can relate these occurrences to my learning and teaching experiences. I had to learn the English language because of the natural call for communication (Peregoy, Boyle, Kaplan, 2008). Having come to the United States in high school, proficient knowledge in English was essential for me to attain my aspiration of becoming a teacher. Native English speakers surrounded me as I was living in a country where English was the mode of communication. These factors undoubtedly helped me polish my language skills. A proof of the Interactionist theory was when I interacted wit h native English speakers at various levels and acquired language prowess from them (Peregoy et al., 2008). Consequently, I chose to use the same approach for my students. I encourage helpful participation through varied grouping. I put together students with different abilities, and allow them to work together to come up with answers for challenges. This not only boosts them academically but also improves relationships among themselves. The emotional status of an individual affects how one copes with the learning process. It requires a strong will to learn a new language and make use of it appropriately. I was strong willed and did not let grammatical mistakes deter my progress. I developed empathy for English learners and felt a strong urge to see people wishing to learn English excel in their pursuit. This further propelled my teacher ambition to greater heights. Linguistic also plays a role in determining how fast one learns a second language. The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis supports this notion. According to Altakhaineh, elements obtained from one language can be transferred to a new language with a positive effect. Such a scenario is only true if the two languages share similar structures (2012). In my case, Spanish and English share identical plural structures. In both languages, the letter â€Å"s† at the end of a word indicates plural. This aspect improved learning and teaching experiences for me. Therefore, I sometimes try to find out whether my students’ native languages bear similar aspects with English, so that I can apply the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Linguistic Autobiography specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cultural and linguistic diversity mean that a class has many students from different countries speaking different languages. These students possess different degrees of formal education and practice differe nt cultural traditions. It is, therefore, essential for a teacher to know how to handle such a class for fair and effective learning to occur. One such way is for the teacher to pronounce words clearly and avoid use of colloquial speech and complicated phrases. Using simple language ensures that all students get the concepts taught (Gonzales, Wendel, Pagan, Love, 2011). A teacher should reinforce words using charts and gesticulation. Staging concept helps such students â€Å"create meaning from a new environment† (Gonzales et al., 2011). Charts aid the mind in retaining new information. The learning process ought to incorporate frequent reviews and recap of information. Such activities also help students to internalize concepts. A teacher should also enquire from students whether they have understood an idea by letting them display what they have learned (Gonzales et al., 2011). References Altakhaineh, A. R. (2012). The main theories in second language acquisition (SLA). The TEFL times. Web. Gonzales, R. J., Pagan, M., Wendel, L., Love, C. (2011). Supporting ELL/Culturally and Linguistically diverse students for academic achievement. International center for leadership in education. Web. Peregoy, S. F., Boyle, O. F., Kaplan, K. C. (2008). Reading, writing and learning in ESL: A resource book for teaching K-12 English learners (5th ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. This essay on Cultural Linguistic Autobiography was written and submitted by user Alaya Bruce to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Report from Los Angels County Museum of Art essays

Report from Los Angels County Museum of Art essays Report from Los Angels County Museum of Art The Los Angeles County Museum of Art is the premier visual arts museum in the Western United States. Its holdings include more than 150,000 works spanning the history of art from ancient times to the present. Moreover, the museum has seasonal exhibitions, which focus on many different types of artists every month. The variety of artwork fascinates visitors and never bores them. I am a frequent visitor of the museum, and, this time, I was enchanted by the sculpture Lady, which was created by Michael Lucero in 1999. The sculptures body simulates Roman or Greek statues, but there is no human-like head. Instead of creating the head, he randomly stacked colorful earthenware on it. Lady is revolutionary in these aspects: the use of contrasting the head and body is outstanding, it symbolizes the fusion of different cultures, and the mysterious appearance arouses peoples imaginations of its meaning. By contrasting the color, texture, and the shape of the body and head, Michael Lucero has succeeded in capturing visitors attention since the combinations are unusual and outstanding. The color of the body is a solid off-white, and the texture of the surface is rough, resembling the statue of Virgin Mary. The shape is very complicating as well. The sculptor precisely produced the wrinkles of the cloth, and I could see the shape of the legs through it. The beauty of the body is beyond description, and it seems to be waiting for a command to step forward. Unlike the body, the colors of the head are bright, and the surface is very smooth and shiny. Lucero utilized a beauty combination of primary colors, such as red, yellow, and blue, which mingled perfectly. The use of the vivid colors reminds me of a pattern in a tie-dye shirt. It also has some pictures of insects and a digit 8:43, which makes it myste ...

Comparative Narratives of Childhood Research Paper

Comparative Narratives of Childhood - Research Paper Example In India, a ban was placed on children below the age of 14 from working; however, this ban has not been strictly imposed. Sonali, a 12-year-old girl from the eastern state of West Bengali is one of these children (Pandey). She worked for two years as a domestic servant in Calcutta and her job was mostly to cook for a five-member household and to clean a three-story house. She also had to endure severe punishments from her employer; one time when she was delayed in serving dinner, burning hot food was poured on her hands. With the help of a neighbor, she managed to escape and was later restored to her family (Pandey). More than a million minor children work at homes or food stalls and the Save the Children organization which works at West Bengal, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharastra have been monitoring the employment of children and the abuses visited upon them. One of the dangers for these children working is the sexual and physical abuse which is often inflicted upon them. Howeve r, even as the government and other private organizations are seeking to impose the provisions of the ban on minority children working, thousands of children are still working in hazardous industries, including firecracker and matchstick factories, carpet weaving, embroidery, or stitching footballs (Pandey). Most of these children are forced to live these lives of labor because of severe poverty conditions. The Republic of India is an independent country in South Asia which is considered to be a second most populous country in the world and also the world’s largest democracy. Since the 1990s, it has consistently risen as one of the fastest growing economies in the world with a large and skilled workforce; however, it is also plagued with widespread poverty. The country is currently in dispute with Pakistan over the Kashmir region; it has nuclear weapons capability; and enjoys a prolific movie industry with its Bollywood movies (BBC News). It is a federal republic and the head of state is President Pratibha Patil and the head of government is Prime Minister Manmohan Singh. Political parties of this country include the Indian National Congress (INC), Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), Communist Party of India-Marxist, and other smaller national parties (Department of State). Its capital is New Delhi and its largest and most populous city is Mumbai; and based on 2010 surveys, it has a population of 1.2 billion people covering 3.1 million sq.km of land which varies from the Himalayas to flat river valleys and deserts in its west (Department of State). Its languages include Hindi, English, and about 16 official languages. Major religions in the country include Hinduism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Jainism (BBC News). Its monetary unit is the Indian Rupee and in 2009, its GDP estimates totaled $1.095 trillion with a per capita GDP of $3,100. Its natural resources include coal, iron ore, manganese, mica, bauxite, chromite, thorium, limestone, barite , diamonds, and crude oil (Department of State). Its agricultural products make up about 17% of its GDP with its products mainly being wheat, rice, coarse grains, oilseeds, sugar, cotton, and tea. Its industry is about 28.2% of its GDP with products like textiles, jute, processed food, steel, cement, aluminum, petroleum, chemicals, and computer software (Department of State). Its services and transportation make up about 54% of its GDP.

Environmentally Friendly Sources of Energy Essay

Environmentally Friendly Sources of Energy - Essay Example The anger over high gas prices opened up an old debate over the world's limited fossil fuels, their effect on the environment, and solutions for the future. The course of action is clear, the United States must move beyond Fossil Fuels to more environmentally friendly source of energy. Pollution caused by car fuel is responsible for a number of natural and human afflictions. Topping that long list is acid rain, lung problems including asthma, smog, and global warming. The regulation of car emissions did not begin until 1970. After eighty years of neglect air pollution had become a problem that seemed uncontrollable. President Nixon and his administration struggled to pass legislation that would require vehicles to produce less emissions and be safer for the environment. They did succeed in passing the Federal Clean Air Act, the first in a series of actions meant to improve the quality of air in the United States. The first Act simply stated what was an acceptable amount of emissions and what was not. As the years went by and more provisions were made the Act was still weak, and was used more like a suggestion than a law (Conlin 807). Cars create pollution in a number of ways. The major contribution is ozone being released at a ground level. The World Resources Institute warns "breathing ozone concentrations of 0.012ppm, levels that are typical in many cities can irritate the respiratory tract and impair lung function causing coughing, shortness of breath, and chest pain. In addition to the effects that gas produced pollution has on the human body" (66), it can have a severe effect on the planet as a whole. Another component of car emissions is carbon dioxide, a compound which traps heat. Since the Middle Ages the amount of carbon dioxide in the environment has increased by 30% and the temperature of the planet has increased in a similar way. Global warming can cause many environmental problems including damage to coral reefs, spread of disease, droughts, the melting of the North Pole, and most recently documented severe weather conditions like tropical storms and hurricanes. The amount of gasoline used by cars is staggering. World Resource Institute cites that vehicles used for transportation consumed about 25% of the world's energy, and 80% of that is caused by cars. In 1996 the world's gas consumption topped a trillion liters. America easily uses more gas then it is able to produce. Petroleum is not a renewable resource. The United States imports 50% of the oil it uses (World 79). This leads to an additional problem with petroleum based fuel. The United States has become dependent on foreign countries for this fuel and therefore must maintain a good working relationship with other national governments which nurture terrorism and poor treatment of it's citizens. "Biodiesel is an American-made fuel that can be produced from any fat or vegetable oil, such as soybean oil. Biodiesel is cleaner burning than traditional diesel, and its production and use builds our U.S. economy, rather than our reliance on the Middle East" (Biodiesel, par 3). A shortage of petroleum gas leads to rising gas prices. Of course there are many simple ways that people can cut down on their gas usage. Many of them involved car pooling, not using gas powered machines on ozone days, and to relearn the virtues of taking and enjoying a nice long walk. However, the bigger

Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 3

Company Law - Essay Example 1 Alistair Darling, Secretary of State of the Department of Trade and Industry said that while most of the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 will be in force by October next year the entire Act will be in force by October of 2007.2 While the Companies Bill 2006 introduces some new aspects to company law, it might have left the regulations of directors’ duty up to judicial interpretation and company law. The general impression is that the 2006 Bill does nothing much to improve on the director’s duties as enunciated under the provisions of the Companies Act 1985. 3- The Companies Bill 2006 tightens the Directors’ duties in respect of due diligence by broadening the rights of shareholders to ‘sue directors for negligence and other defaults and rights to bring derivative claims on behalf of the company in certain circumstances.’3 Under the provisions of the Companies Act 1985, together with principles of Common Law and Equity, directors have a fiduciary relationship with the company they serve. In their capacity as fiduciaries, directors have three primary duties in respect of the management of the company’s affairs. They are: In Re City Fire Equitable Insurance Co., Romer J added that in the course of exercising his duties as a director, the director was subject to a certain standard in law. That standard he went on to explain was the reasonable skill and care that was generally expected of a business man possessing the relevant skills and training.5 Moreover the common trend in the application of Common Law and Equitable principles was to impose the duty on the directors’ in respect of the company itself rather than in respect individual shareholders. In fact Section 309 of the Companies Act 1985 codified this proviso by requiring that directors owe a duty of care to act in the best interests of both the members and the employees of the company.6 Although this duty necessarily

Nelson Mandela Leadership Style

Nelson Mandela Leadership Style Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, the leader and father of South African population, will turn 92 years on the 18th of July. Born in Transkei, a village in the south-eastern area of South Africa, he was exposed to the African history from his childhood due to his father being the chief of the village. As a result he gained a deeper understanding of the African government and the unfair and inhuman treatment by white people. Once again his father influenced his life path as he was the one who gave the permission for Rolihlahla, to join elementary school where he was given the English name, Nelson. Calling it fate or destiny Mandela in his biography wonders if his teacher gave him that name after the British sea captain Lord Nelson (Mandela N., 1994). Moving on with his education, Nelson enrolled in the Fort Hare University. At that point, his leadership skills unfolded, winning an expulsion from University for leading a student strike. Thus, he completed his degree in law at the University of South Africa (Notable Biographies, 2010). On the other hand, his personal life included three marriages resulting in having six children, twenty-one grandchildren and three great-grandchildren (Mandela N., 1994). A point of reference is the time, in 1943, that Mandela joined the African National Congress (ANC) as an activist. Only eight years later, his first major presidential position was in place as the president of the ANC Youth League which he co-founded. Since its foundation, ANC aims to enhance the human rights and living conditions of black people in South Africa. ANC was the reason for Mandela to be sent in jail for nine months since he participated in protest activities. However, in 1960, ANC Youth League lost financial and militant support thus being banned. This made Mandela to realise that peaceful behaviour was not the method to change things in Africa. Pride and anger for the unfairness he was forced to face, necessitated him to form a military group that was operating illegally, called The Spear of the Nation. They were fighting the government in silence through sabotage. For instance, they were destroying peoples properties (Notable Biographies, 2010). Prior to this, in 1952, Mandela launched the first black legal company in South Africa. He was offering his legal advices to black people for free or low cost. However, seven years later, new laws were passed, forcing the creation of separated homelands for black people enhancing the racial segregation (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). The later, let Mandela to become more active towards protecting the rights of black people. This resulted in Mandela being arrested and imprisoned in Johannesburg Fort, in 1962, for five years, although managing to escape. That did not last for long as he was arrested again and accused for sabotage and treason. As a consequence Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment. The first eighteen years of his imprisonment were in Robben island prison (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). This as he himself described, was a prison with maximum security, forcing them to work hard, humiliating them and living under inhuman conditions. In 1968, his mother and his son died but he was not permitted to attend either of the funerals. Contrary to that and to the treatment received by the government, he never stopped supporting his beliefs thus rejecting a liberation offer by the president of South Africa, PW Botha. Moving on in the time of the imprisonment, better and more human conditions were offered to him in 1988 as he underwent a prostate surgery. Eventually, after twenty-seven years in prison and as a response to worldwide calls, Nelson Mandela was finally released in 1990 and elected as the president of ANC (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). However if an evaluation was to be made for his life so far, the suffering he encountered is clearly shown. The government did not allow him any visitors and they considered discussions regarding Mandela as illegal. However, these decisions against Mandela increased peoples perception about him, both worldwide and locally. On the top, in peoples minds Mandela was synonym to words like fairness, ethnical right and leader. He became an international symbol against racism (Notable Biographies, 2010). After being released from prison Mandela did not stop fighting for the black people. He started discussions with the existing president of South Africa, F.W. de Klerk, concluding that only a compromise between black and white people will prevent the occurrence of a civil war in their country. Eventually, the establishment of the new democratic government was a fact. This new government was giving the right to vote to all South Africans (Notable Biographies, 2010). The upcoming years of his life were the rewards for his nonstop race for equality. In 1993 he was awarded with the Nobel Peace Prize due to his achievement of the equality in voting rights. A year later, black South Africans and Mandela were allowed to vote for the first time in their life. The result was internationally expected. Nelson Mandela became the first black president of South Africa (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). During the years of his presidency, he tried hard to minimise the various political differences in South Africa. Moreover, he tried to build up a healthier economy in combination with establishing a more solid democracy. Additionally, he was one of the supporters of clearing peoples criminal record if that was created during the years of racism by the countrys government (Notable Biographies, 2010). Ending a successful century his duration as his countrys president ends in 1999. However, his political career doesnt end. He was placed at the position of the statesman where he was acting as the third party in the process for peace (Notable Biographies, 2010). The first decade of the new century found Mandela facing the accursed disease, as he was diagnosed with prostate cancer but he fought and succeeded for once more in his life. As all things come to an end, at the age of eighty-five he retired from the public life. However, only two years ago at the age of ninety, he showed that his vision of equality and fairness never stopped bothering him. Through a speech he urged and tried to inspire the young generation to continue the fight for social justice (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). Summing up his career, The United Nations General Assembly declares July 18 Mandela Day as a tribute to his contribution to world freedom (Telegraph.co.uk, 2010). In general, Nelson Mandela can be characterised as an excellent leader, with good judgement and listening skills, sensitive and open-minded. He was an intelligent leader since it requires good strategic plan and clever manoeuvre in order to defeat your enemies without humiliating them. Once, he stated that my life was shaped by custom, ritual and taboo and this was the alpha and omega of our existence (Mandela N., 1994). This excellent knowledge of his origin enabled him to be more confident of what he was fighting for. Thus his vision of a peaceful South Africa without any racial segregation became a more approachable target. This explains one of his favourite quotes; a good head and a good heart are always a formidable combination (Brainy Quotes, 2010). Moreover, he was exposed to significant leadership education throughout his career. For instance, seeing the world from your enemys eyes enables you to identify easier their strengths and weaknesses, planning a more effective strate gy (Times Magazine, 2008). The worldwide discussion of whether you are born or developed as a leader is not a question for Nelson Mandela. It is unanimously believed that Mandela had the charisma to be a leader. This is supported by his acts throughout his life and the recognition he faced worldwide. Scanning Mandelas life, it can be seen that the way to lead the people was influenced from his childhood. This is because he used to attend the local tribal meetings, where he was observing the speakers, and absorbing every small detail of leadership characteristics. These principles were his significant tools throughout his political life. In his biography, he notes that in the meetings he was just concluding the discussions, most of the times without adding anything new but taking everyones talk into consideration (Mandela N., 1994). Strategically he admits that in the back of his mind he was following a well planned schedule. A leader is like a shepherd he supports, in a way that the flock thinks that it rules, but actually the shepherd directs the movements from start till the end (Mandela N., 1994). Moving on with the evaluation of Mandelas characteristics, one can describe Mandela as team manager. This is because he was a supporter and a listener of his followers concerns but he always had in mind his primary goal, being both task and people oriented. He tried to motivate people by making each individual to feel necessary and important thus increasing their willingness to help and achieve their goal. Making a critical analysis of Mandelas overall attitude, characteristics of a level five leader can be observed, i.e. Mandela represents an executive leader. This is because there is a combination of professional will and personal humility. Being focused on his main goal, he was not afraid of being dishonoured. For instance, his life imprisonment showed that he was not afraid to accept the consequences of his own acts even though humiliation was present. Showing professional will, even when he was in the plane to be taken to Robben Island he did not stop thinking as a leader. He was looking at the area as a strategist where he was trying to find ideal places to launch his army in order to continue fighting for his vision (Mandela N., 1994). This way of thinking also characterise him as a strategic innovative leader. As a transformational leader he showed his various ways of leadership. He was engaged in individualized consideration and this can be proved by his refusal towards the president P.W. Botha to release him from prison. Furthermore his boxing training enhanced his skills. Attracted by the science of boxing, i.e. the democratic and strategic rules that needed to be followed and not the violence of it, Mandela used the sport to improve his leadership initiative and self confidence. This attitude categorises Mandela as an alchemist and achiever. Renamed voluntarily by his boxing colleagues, Chief, showed that his leading skills were used even during his daily routine (Mandela N., 1994). All the aforementioned characteristics show his authenticity as a leader. One can be completely persuaded that he knew how to manage his skills and which personality traits to reveal for each occasion. Two important quotes that he used throughout his life were firstly that If you talk to a man in a language he understands, that goes to his head. If you talk to him in his language, that goes to his heart (Brainy Quotes, 2010). This shows that he knew the way to cope with people and influence them. Secondly, Education is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world (Brainy Quotes, 2010). In order to achieve his vision he always had in mind that goodness and forgiveness are two important aspects to fulfil. To sum up, Mandelas life and actions made people realize that everyone can have a dream, big or small, good or bad. However, this does not mean that it will be publicly accepted. People will fight ones vision but looking at Mandelas story what stays in mind is that, you should never give up. Developing a well organised plan and creating a well structured strategy are the key components for a successful path to be followed. Although Nelson Mandela spent many years in prison, he never stopped trying to transform his vision into reality. In an article in Guardian newspaper he states that if people of courage and good conscience are prepared to stand and fight there is nothing we cannot achieve (The Guardian, 2010). Thus leading with vision, courage and always being a shepherd is the lesson gained from Nelson Mandelas leadership. References: Brainy Quotes. 2010. Nelson Mandela Quotes. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.brainyquote.com/quotes/authors/n/nelson_mandela.html Mandela N. 1994. Long Walk to Freedom. Autobiography Notable Biographies. 2010. Nelson Mandela. Encyclopaedia of World Biography. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.notablebiographies.com/Lo-Ma/Mandela-Nelson.html Telegraph.co.uk. 2010. Nelson Mandela Timeline. Telegraph Media Group Limited. [online] accessed at: 14/06/2010 Available at: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/southafrica/7819734/Nelson-Mandela-timeline.html The Guardian. 2010. My hero Nelson Mandela by Gordon Brown. [online] accessed at: 15/06/2010 Available at: http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/apr/17/nelson-mandela-hero-gordon-brown Times Magazine. 2008. The Secrets of Leadership from Nelson Mandela. [online] accessed at: 15/06/2010 Available at: http://www.deliverfreedom.com/blog/time-magazine-the-secrets-of-leadership-from-nelson-mandela/

Essay example --

MSA University Faculty of pharmacy Pharmaceutical Microbiology PM 203 Name: Dina Ahmed Abd El Fattah Hegab ID# 111797 Group: C Under Supervision of: Dr. Reham Wasfy â€Æ' Disinfectants Disinfectants Can be applied to any non- living objects ; as this substance can destroy the microorganisms living on its surface. The Bacterial spores is kind of resistant to the Disinfection , it doesn't necessarily kills it, thus not necessary kills all the microorganisms. Unlike the sterilization – that is extreme physical (and/or) chemical process that kills all types of life- it is less effective in results. Disinfectants are not like any other antimicrobial agent as antibiotics that kills the microorganisms living inside the bodies or the antiseptics that kills the microorganisms on a living tissue it is even not like biocides that don't just kills the micro organisms, but also kills all types of life. Disinfectants simply cause damage to the microbe cell wall or it interferes with its metabolism. More about Disinfection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Disinfection are by nature toxic to human beings and animals, as most of the modern Disinfection contains the substance bitrex which is considered to be the bitterest substance ever, this substance is used as a safety measure and is added to discourage the ingestion. Disinfectant Types can be divided into two main groups; which are oxidizing and non- oxidizing. 1- Oxidising disinfectants : It works by the oxidization of the microorganism's cell membrane; this leads the cell to death. In the oxidizing disinfectants both the components oxygen and chlorine exists heavily, as they are both strong oxidizers. 2- Non-oxidising disinfectants: It operates by disturbing the phospho-lipid molecules that make- up the ... ... to be kept in a temperature of 16  °C to 18 °C for 24 hours then leave it to be chilled for 1 hour before starting the test. References: 1- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-types.aspx 2- Holchem- leader in the speciality chemical manufacturing industry Available at : http://www.holchem.co.uk/disinfectant-tests.aspx 3- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/ahd-2000-menu-item 4- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at : http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/2013-02-02-09-45-28 5- Wikipedia, Available at : http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disinfectant 6- The Egypt Germany disinfectant company Available at: http://egypt-germany-disinfection.com/index.php/products/lysoforminspezial